柴胡皂苷D/柴胡皂甙D

Goat anti-rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (Batch No. ab205718) and goat anti-mouse IgG H&L (HRP) (Batch No. ab205719) were purchased from Abcam Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Reference standards of saikosaponin A (CAS No. 20736-09-8; Batch No. R015101), saikosaponin D (CAS No. 20874-52-6; Batch No. R015102), and baicalin (CAS No. 21967-41-9; Batch No. R096642) were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China).

QZWTT was provided by Liaoning Huarun Benxi Sanyao Co. Ltd(Benxi, China, lot no. 20200101). We used 26 chemical referencestandards in this study (Chengdu Pufeide BioTechnology Co. Ltd,Cheng du, China or Weikeqi Biological Technology Co. Ltd, Chengdu,China; Table S1). The acetonitrile, methanol (Merck, Germany) andformic acid (Fisher, USA) were of LC–MS grade, whereas the remain-ing chemicals were of analytically grade.

Rat insulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was obtained from Multi Science Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Reference standards of paeoniflorin, baicalin, saikosaponin A, saikosaponin D, emodin, synephrine, succinic acid, 6-gingerol and oleanolic acid were obtained from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China).

SSa, SSc, SSd, SSb1, SSb2, baicalin and wogonoside were purchased from Sichuan WeiKeQi Bio-Technology (Sichuan, China). 6″-O-Acetyl-SSa and 6″-O-acetyl-SSd were synthesized from SSa and SSd by acetylation using acetic anhydride. The reaction products were separated and purified using a preparative HPLC system.

The roots ofB. scorzonerifoliumwere collected in Jiangsu Province (lotno. 180324) and authenticated by Professor Jianwei Chen. The stan-dards  of  saikosaponin  A,  saikosaponin  B1,  saikosaponin  C,saikosaponin D and saikosaponin F were procured from SichuanWeikeqi Biotechnology Co. (purity >98%). Glycyrrhetinic acid, whichwas used as an internal standard, was supplied by Shanghai YuanyeBiological Technology Co (purity >98%).