Cianidanol，(+)-Catechin hydrate

Folin-Ciocalteureagent,gallic acid, catechinand otherpolyphenolicstandardswere purchasedfrom SichuanWeikeqiBiologicalTechnologyCo., Ltd. (China).1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH),2,2’-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid)diammoniumsalt(ABTS),2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine(TPTZ),trolox,α-amylase,α-glucosidaseand 4-nitrophenyl-α-D-gluco-pyranoside(α-PNPG)wereobtainedfromSigma–Aldrich(USA).

QZWTT was provided by Liaoning Huarun Benxi Sanyao Co. Ltd(Benxi, China, lot no. 20200101). We used 26 chemical referencestandards in this study (Chengdu Pufeide BioTechnology Co. Ltd,Cheng du, China or Weikeqi Biological Technology Co. Ltd, Chengdu,China; Table S1). The acetonitrile, methanol (Merck, Germany) andformic acid (Fisher, USA) were of LC–MS grade, whereas the remain-ing chemicals were of analytically grade.

Luteolin, quercetin, genistein, naringenin, isoliquiritigenin, mangiferin, and catechin standards were purchased from Weikeqi Biotech. Methanol, n-hexane, formic acid (analytical grade) were purchased from Chron Chemicals. Methanol (chromatographic grade) was purchased from Fisher.

Indomethacin (Indo) was purchased from Shanxi Yun-Peng Pharmaceutical. Co., Ltd. (China). The reference standard of gallic acid (>98% purity, wkq20010905), protocatechuic acid (>98% purity, wkq20020706), catechin (>98% purity, wkq20021707), epicatechin (>98% purity, wkq20012203), rutin (>98% purity, wkq20030203) were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China). All other reagents were of analytical purity grade or better.

Luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (CAS 68321-11-9, 98%), protocatechuic acid (CAS 99-50-3, 98%), catechin (CAS 154-23-4, 98%), epicatechin (CAS 18829-70-4, 98%), naringenin (CAS 480-41-1, 98%), isoquercitrin (CAS 482-35-9, 98%), and phlorizin (CAS 60-81-1, 98%) were purchased from Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Gallic acid (CAS 149-91-7, 98%) was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Chemistry Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China)

and triglyceride (TG) were purchased from

Nanjing Jiancheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.. Honey was purchased from Jiangxi Yibe Industrial

Co., Ltd.. Reference standards of isoquercitrin, catechin, epicatechin, hyperoside,

proanthocyanidin B2, vitexin rhamnoside, hesperidin, rutin, quercetin, and luteolin were

purchased from Sichuan Wei Keqi Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

Quercetin (QE), gallic acid (GA), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 2,2′-azobis-amidinopropane (ABAP), and dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, USA). Protocatechuic acid (PA), ferulic acid (FA), epicathin (Epi), catechin (CE), QE glycosides, isorhamnetin (IS) glycosides and kaempferol (KA) glycosides were purchased from Weikeqi Biological (Chengdu, China). Human liver cancer cells HepG2 were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Enhanced chemiluminescent HRP substrate was from EMD Millipore (Temecula, CA, USA). Five standard compounds (i.e., gallic acid, catechin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin and benzoylpaeoniflorin) with exceeded 98% purity were from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Methanol, formic acid and acetonitrile were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany).

Five standard compounds, including rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, caffeic acid, and luteolin 7-glucoside, were purchased from the China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control. Six standard compounds, including isoquercitrin, isorhamnetin, catechin, epicatechin, nuciferine, and chlorogenic acid, were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). The purity of all the regents was HPLC ≥ 98%.

Gallic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 2, 2’-azobis-amidinopropane

(ABAP), and dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) were

purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, USA). Isorhamnetin,

kaempferol, quercetin and their glycosides, syringic acid, p-cumaric

acid, epicatechin and catechin were purchased from Weikeqi

Biological (Chengdu, China). Alpha-amylase, Pepsin, Pancreatin, Bile

Extracts, Lipase, and Viscozyme L were purchased from SigmaAldrich, Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Human cancer cells HepG2, MCF7, MDA-MB-231 and Caco-2 were purchased from Sun Yat-Sen

University.

Their identities were confirmed with 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS spectral analysis. Catechin (5), Naringin (25), Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (37), Quercetin (50), Naringenin (52), Phloretin (58), and Kaempferol (59) were bought from Weikeqi Standards Corporation, China. Other standards such as Protocatechuic acid (3), Caffeoyl acid (8), and 5-O-caffeoyl shikimic acid (15) were previously isolated from other plants by our team members. The purity of all the standards was over 98%, as determined with HPLC analysis. The UPLC-PAD/ESI-MS analysis of 16 mixed standards is supplied as supplemental material (Fig. S2†).

Procyanidin B3, vicenin2, astilbin, kaempferol-3-sophoroside-7-rhamnoside, isoquercitrin, isochlorogenic acid A, rutin, cynaroside, hyperoside, genistein, kaempfeol-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin, kaempferol, catechin, (-)-epicatechin, luteolin, vitexin, oleanolic acid, and isookanin-7-O-glucoside (the purities of all standards were higher than 99 % by HPLC analysis) were purchased from Weikeqi-biotech Co., ltd. (Chengdu, Sichuan, China). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Escherichia coli O111:B4 and 3-[4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

The Rosa roxburghii leaves were purchased from Guizhou Lvyuan Food Company Limited (Guizhou, China) and air dried at room temperature, the water content of leaves was less than 10%, then grounded to powder using a blender, sieved (60 mesh) and stored prior to extraction. The standards used in this experiment which were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China), including gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, rutin, quercetin, isoquercetin (purity ≥ 98%). Kajiichigoside F1 and roxburic acid were isolated from Rosa roxburghii leaves in this experiment (Pan et al., 2021).